Zoom panel on "How police and vigilantes operate..."

Friday, Dec 4 from 7 to 8:15 pm ET

Zoom panel on "How police and vigilantes operate

to attack and undermine minority groups and progressive movements in the U.S. and Palestine.”

Speakers will explore how we can support local and national movements in overcoming racism and political repression to achieve basic human rights for all. The panel will include a Kingston, NY BLM activist (Anne Ames), the editor of mondoweiss.net (Philip Weiss), and a radical feminist, revolutionary member of Black Alliance for Peace (Asantewaa Nkrumah-Ture).

To register in advance for

this Zoom meeting go to:

https://mideastcrisis.org

"Empire of Borders: The Expansion of the US Borders Around the World."

Activist Radio has the following guest on this week:

GUEST: Todd Miller, independent journalist and writer whose articles have appeared in the New York Times, TomDispatch, The Nation, In These Times and Al Jazeera, talks about his most recent book, "Empire of Borders: The Expansion of the US Borders Around the World.

http://www.toddmillerwriter.com/empire-of-borders/

Activist Radio is broadcast: Thursdays 5-6 pm from WVKR 91.3 FM at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, NY; Sundays 4-5 pm from WIOF 104.1 FM in Woodstock, NY; and Sundays 5-6 pm from the Progressive Radio Network at PRN.FM. It will also be posted on the ClassWars website for the next ten weeks. Simply click on the date to hear it.

Thanks,

Fred

Activist Radio

https://www.classwars.org

Thanks to Robert Connors

Last week we generated 163 calls about the PSC gas proceeding. Great work! (Feel free to forward)

Sample Email for this week’s call-in effort is below! (written by Laura Shindell F&WW & F&WA)

This week we will be focusing our efforts again on calling on Governor Cuomo to stop the proposed Danskammer fracked gas power plant in Newburgh, NY. This plant if approved, would lock the region into 20-30 years more of fossil fuel dependency and put our climate and regional health at risk!

It has been a few months since our last Danskammer focused Call Cuomo Monday & a lot has happened. Most significantly, because of the tremendous effort of activists, the application has again been delayed! The Public Service Commission wants particular clarity from Danskammer on how this proposal will comply with the efficiency standards set by the CLCPA. So far, this bodes well for our campaign, but the fight is not over yet. Ultimately this decision could set a huge precedent for future fracked gas infrastructure fights in the future. That is why we are so fortunate to be part of this statewide network of fracktivists, all of our fights are so interconnected!

Much of our current momentum can be credited to the immense organizing pressure and input the state has received from the thousands of individual community members who have spoken out.

Thanks for sharing this week's Call Cuomo Monday with your networks & lending your voice to our local fight here in the Hudson Valley! If you'd like to learn more about this particular campaign, visit stoptheplant.org where you will find beautiful graphics and educational materials.

Sample email:

Call Cuomo Monday: Stop the Proposed Danskammer fracked gas power plant expansion in Newburgh, NY

877-235-6537

Attendees Needed at Fishkill Town Board Meeting - Oct. 21, 2020 at 7PM to Oppose Danskammer

Subject: Attendees Needed at Fishkill Town Board Meeting - Oct. 21, 2020 at 7PM to Oppose Danskammer

Dear Allies,

We are reaching out to those who might be Fishkill residents and also other like-minded people to attend the Fishkill Town Board Meeting this coming Wed., Oct. 21 (yes, it is an in person meeting) at the Fishkill Town Hall at 7PM. Masks required.

Here is the Facebook event link:

https://www.facebook.com/events/1054641914957262/

Danskammer representatives will present their recommendation for the plant and Hayley Carlock, Esq. of Scenic Hudson will oppose Danskammer in her presentation. She needs our support by your presence there.

We need people to come out and speak in the public comment section called Privilege of the Floor at the beginning of the meeting and show support of a Resolution to be issued by the Town Board of Fishkill OPPOSING the Danskammer proposed project. Those who are not residents of the town are also encouraged to come, have a sign, and perhaps speak too, in order to show the board the large support for opposition.

PLEASE consider doing this. We NEED your help and participation.

If you can’t attend, please write (sample letter below) or send emails to the Fishkill Town Board quickly and easily via the Food and Water Watch website. Takes 2 minutes! Food & Water Watch: Say No to Danskammer

Here is a video with facts/background about Danskammer:

Here is an example letter, but please personalize your communication to the Fishkill Town Board in your own words, even if it is two sentences. Send it via email to Town Supervisor Ozzy Albra: https://www.fishkill-ny.gov/elected-officials.html

Thank you for any action you can take to help further a Resolution against the Danskammer project issued by the Town of Fishkill. It is a matter of health and your future as a resident of the Hudson Valley.

Sincerely,

Mothers Out Front Dutchess County

Danskammer Plant Proposal - PLEASE READ & BECOME AWARE

Friends,

I have been working with various groups, Scenic Hudson, Mothers Out Front, Dutchess Progressive Action Alliance,

Climate Reality and concerned local citizens about getting local municipalities to issue Resolutions to Governor Cuomo and to publicize the growing opposition to this project. It is of vital significance to our health and general way of life in the Hudson Valley that this proposal to re-build this fracked gas-fired power plant, currently a “peaker plant” (operating only at peak demand times during the year), exits in the Town of Newburgh and juts out into the Hudson River. It was built in the 1950’s and then had to be repaired when seriously flooded by Super Storm Sandy in 2012. It is inefficient and a toxic polluter at present.

Danskammer made a proposal made to the New York State Siting Board in Dec. 2019 to re-build the plant and have it operate at 70-100% of the time. This is a gross mistake and counter productive to The Climate and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) adopted in July 2019.

Twenty-five local municipalities from various counties in the Hudson Valley have issued Resolutions coming out against this proposal. I am currently working with many advocates to encourage the Town of Fishkill to do the same.

The Town of Wappingers must also be made more aware of this project and its negative impact to all life in this region.

In Danskammer’s pro-material they site a need for additional power. This has been issued to be false by the findings of the NYISO (New York Independent System Operator) in their 2018 assessment. Danskammer only reports a previous 2016 report saying there is a need. There is none. The added jobs, for construction, are short-lived and overall permanent jobs only total about thirty. Here is an article just out today from USA TODAY NETWORK summarizing the issue: https://www.lohud.com/story/opinion/2020/10/14/danskammer-ny-leaving-dirty-energy-behind/3640022001/

Please take the time to visit www.StopthePlant.org to see supporting materials on how harmful an additional 70% operating fracked gas-fired power plant would be. Health analysis and toxic pollutants that would be emitted in gross amounts is layed out plainly there. Asmatha rates would increase dramatically along with suseptbility to exposure to Covid-19. Symptoms such as headaches, rashes, fatigue, and the list goes on and on, would surface due to the environmental impact of additional toxins to the environment.

If you don’t know about this project proposal I urge you to at least see www.StopthePlant.org so you can be aware and educated and hopefully motivated to join the movement to defeat this proposal. The NYS Siting Board, appointed by Governor Cuomo, has the final ruling on acceptance or denial. You can see their mission, list of current proposals being considered (7 out of 8 are solar and/or wind power projects!) and Danskammer stands out as the only fracked gas-fired proposal they are considering. The process is long (about 2 years) and currently the Siting Board has not given the nod to Danskammer that the proposal is complete. Danskammer must provide more supporting data but once that is done, then the Board begins their review process. That could take another year.

However, public reaction and input to the Board and the growing sentiment of the population that would be effected by this re-build can only make the Board aware of the lack of need and public opposition to this project.

We don’t need another fracked gas-fired power plant that would only create more fracking and leakage harm to those who live need fracking and commission sites mainly in Pennsylvania. And the toxins emitted by an operating gas-fired plant, no matter what Danskammer says about using a “clean energy” source, perhaps hydrogen in the future, is counter to all renewable goals of NY State and going in the wrong direction for our and the planet’s future.

Please see STOPTHEPLANT.org and become aware and involved.

Thanks for your attention and activitism.

N. Sorvino

Save the Green Party in New York State

I’m not going to sugar-coat it. We have less than three weeks to save the Green Party in New York State.

Gov. Cuomo and the Democrats changed the law this year so that if we don’t get at least 150,000 votes, the Green Party will disappear from the ballot.

That means your vote for Howie Hawkins and Angela Walker is necessary to save your Green Party’s ballot line!

Joe Biden is up by 32 points in New York and is going to win the Electoral College vote. But your vote will matter this November when you vote Green to keep the party alive!

You know that Howie Hawkins and the Green Party were the first to run on a platform of an Eco-Socialist Green New Deal, and that Howie’s success running for Governor helped ban fracking in New York.

The Green Party has long championed the things that Trump and Biden run away from: Medicare-for-All, public living-wage jobs under a Green New Deal, legalization of marijuana, electoral reform, and an end to the imperial wars abroad.

Saving the Green Party means saving the ballot line so we can run amazing candidates at the local, state, and federal levels.

Vote to change this broken system.

Vote for candidates you can be proud of: Howie Hawkins and Angela Walker, and tell a friend to do the same!

PS. Can you chip-in to our ballot-line defense fund? We need your help today to save the Green Party of New York!

Green Party of New York
http://www.gpny.org/

Green Party of New York State · United States
This email was sent to fred@acornfilm.com. To stop receiving emails, click here.

Mike Monetta, National Director of Wolf-PAC

Activist Radio has the following guest on this week:

GUEST: Mike Monetta, National Director of Wolf-PAC, an organization dedicated to working across the states to end corruption at the federal level and in Congress, talks about ways to end the wholesale buying of politicians by the major corporations.

https://wolf-pac.com

Thanks,

Fred

Activist Radio https://www.classwars.org

A carpetbagging Wall Street criminal defense lawyer

Steve Greenfield

August 12

My Dem incumbent opponent, Antonio Delgado, a carpetbagging Wall Street criminal defense lawyer who, in just 18 months, has amassed the most pro-Trump voting record of any Dem in Congress, even went to Trump's Christmas party, and has no plan to sustain us through the current crisis, let alone emerge from it, having failed to prevent me from making the ballot, has told media and other debate hosts that he will not attend any debate to which I'm invited. He doesn't want to be accountable for his record, to have to defend his non-viable policies, or have to say anything on his own behalf other than to point at the novice Republican and say "I'm better than that guy," and let our district's enrollment disparity in favor of Democrats do the rest.

And they will accede, because both from his seat in Congress and from his vast campaign budget, he butters their bread. None dare lose out on his advertising budget, his handing out of pork, or access to him for their lobbying efforts.

Unless We, the People, raise enough of a ruckus. This shouldn't be partisan. The First Amendment's chief purpose is to prevent the closing off by government of information to the voting public, and that's exactly what Delgado is trying to do. Contact every media outlet in the area, public and private, every 19th District Chamber of Commerce (Columbia, Delaware, Greene, Otsego, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster, Broome, Dutchess, Montgomery, and Rensselaer Counties), the League of Women Voters, the county Farm Bureaus, and demand that all debates be open to all balloted candidates. Demand that they cover Delgado's power play to shield himself -- and his Wall Street sponsors -- from criticism before the voters as news.

And, of course, share this to all of your social media accounts.

If direct action is needed, we'll know that soon, and I'll let you know.

And then join them in the streets

September 10

GUEST: Angela Walker, US veteran and working class activist with decades of experience advocating for racial and economic justice in social movements and unions, talks about her socialist beliefs and how she became Howie Hawkins’ running mate on the Green Party line.

About Angela Walker

How refreshing it is to interview a politician who is exactly what she seems to be. Angela has been a Black activist her whole life, and a working person devoted to union rights. She is the real thing when it comes to expressing her political beliefs. The system is broken, the super rich control most of our politicians, and we need a dramatic change if the American people are to share in our great wealth.

Angela has been a leader in many grassroots uprisings against neoliberal policies. She brought her union into the Occupy Wisconsin and Occupy the Hood movements. She is unabashed about her support of socialism, and points proudly at the number of left leaning parties that have endorsed the Hawkins/Walker ticket. A substitute teacher and truck driver, Angela is what democracy looks like.

The "lesser of two evils" is getting dragged into center stage again. Supposedly we must vote for Joe Biden so that we don't fall into fascism. Trump is certainly a white nationalist, intent on using racial violence to stay in power. But the lesser of two evils is how we got to Trump in the first place. Must we now must choose between this madman in the White House and this thoroughly corrupted corporate stooge who is running against him?

Maybe the voting process itself has to be changed, including the gerrymandering, the Electoral College, the voter suppression aimed at people of color, and the unlimited funds that get poured into each election cycle. Too afraid to call for a real revolution in our political system? Willing to go over the cliff for Sleepy Joe? There are other ways to attain equality and justice. Try voting for candidates you can believe in. And then join them in the streets, were all change happens.

Activist Radio has the following guest on this week:

https://howiehawkins.us/about-angela-walker/

Thanks,

Fred

Activist Radio

https://www.classwars.org

GUEST: Chuck Collins, senior scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies

Activist Radio has the following guest on this week:

GUEST: Chuck Collins, writer and a senior scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies and coauthor of a new study entitled "Gilded Giving 2020: How Wealth Inequality Distorts Philanthropy and Imperils Democracy," talks about the institute's plan to reform what charity giving can be deducted for those at the top of the income scale.

https://inequality.org/great-divide/gilded-giving-2020/

Dee Taylor, National Women’s Caucus Co-Chair

On August 26, 1920 — 100 years ago from this very day — the federal government officially ratified the 19th amendment and granted women the right to vote. Even as we celebrate that hard-fought victory, however, we must remember many women were not able to exercise that right because of a pernicious web of laws and regulations designed to disenfranchise voters based on race and country of origin.

A series of reforms through the following decades gradually expanded the right to vote to citizens of all races and nationalities, culminating in the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

With our foundational commitment to the pillars Grassroots Democracy and Social Justice, the Green Party has always fought for more just participation and representation for all people. Please give to the Green Party today so we can keep winning victories in this multi-generational struggle, which is actively obscured by the Parties of War and Wall Street and their mouthpieces in the media. Your gift today will help us run candidates and win victories to ensure more people can vote while fighting to ensure people’s votes mean more through transformative reforms like Ranked Choice Voting, Proportional Representation and Fully-Public Campaign Finance.

In Solidarity,

Dee Taylor

National Women’s Caucus Co-Chair

Green Party of the United States

P.S. A mountain of evidence shows Ranked Choice Voting and Proportional Representation elects more equitable and diverse governments along the lines of gender, ethnicity and other dimensions of historical repreression. Become a Green Party monthly sustainer today so we can win RCV and PR across this country and ensure 100 more years of expanded Voting Justice. Grassroots, multi-party democracy is necessary to winning Real Solutions That Can’t Wait!

Donate to the Green Party’s Ballot Access Committee

Last week we were subjected to the muted spectacle of the DNC’s convention. Promises were made even as previous promises — such as ending subsidies for fossil fuels — were dropped.

All they have to do to scare you in line is compare themselves to Trump, right?

But the parties of War and Wall Street, together, led us to Trump. Their two-party cartel poisoned our democracy over decades and paved the way for a racist, sexist, corrupt demagogue.

And even as the Democrats crown themselves as our democracy’s saviors, they are still poisoning our elections, fighting tooth and nail to keep Green Party candidates off the ballot across the country.

That’s why we need you to donate to the Green Party’s Ballot Access Committee today. Your gift will be earmarked for getting Greens on the ballot by whatever means available: we petition on the streets, we fight in the courts, we fight for your right to choose.

We need support for all Green candidates

In 2020, Green candidates for President/Vice President, Congress, the state legislature, and local offices in New York are standing up with one voice for systemic change that puts everyday people and planet over entrenched power and profits.

From the top of the ticket on down, Green candidates are truly independent and advocate for innovative ideas that are the necessary choice that New York voters need. They are united behind the Green Party’s Four Pillars of Peace, Ecology, Social Justice, and Democracy -- and the original authentic Green New Deal! This includes:

Conversion to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2030 with a public employment program to rebuild a more sustainable infrastructure in energy, waste, agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and housing.
Loans and grants issued to develop local cooperative businesses and provide assistance for poor communities and workers displaced by the conversion.
Research focused on sustainable practices and technology with a carbon tax, a stock transfer tax, an end to fossil fuel subsidies, and a minimum 50% cut in the military budget to fund it.

In order to enact this change, we need voters to support all of the Green candidates running in New York this year. The campaign platforms of each of them is a reflection of this unified message as it is applied to every local community in the state. Just as the candidates are united by this message, voters need to be united in their support to ensure that the future we want in this state can actually happen.

Big, Green 🎉Congratulations🎉

Thank you, thank you, thank you to everyone who supported our Presidential Nominating Convention in July. Thanks to the workshop presenters, the guest speakers and the many volunteers who pulled together this event during challenging circumstances.

And we wish a Big, Green 🎉Congratulations🎉 to our nominees for President and Vice President, Howie Hawkins and Angela Walker!

Now is the time for Greens and allies to pull together and put these transformative candidates on the ballot across the country.

GUEST: Ed Haffmans, local peace and environmental activist

Activist Radio has the following guest on this week:

GUEST: Ed Haffmans, local peace and environmental activist who has spent decades living well without fossil fuels, talks about the growing consensus for renewable energy, and Michael Moore's new documentary, "Planet of the Humans." https://oracle.newpaltz.edu/op-ed-by-ed-haffmans/

Thanks,

Fred

Activist Radio

https://www.classwars.org

Help stop a new fracked gas power plant facility

Help stop a new fracked gas power plant facility:

"It’s Call Cuomo Monday again! We generated 211 calls last week about turning down National Grid’s fossil fuel scheme in favor of a “no infrastructure” option.

This week we’re highlighting the Gowanus fracked gas power plant proposal. Thank you to New York Communities for Change and their Sunset Park chapter for their work on this.

Please share and call!

And if you live in NYC, please come to the action outside the power plant this Wednesday, July 29^th! "(from Laura@F&WW & F&WA)

Call Cuomo Monday:
Stop the Gowanus Power Plant in Sunset Park, Brooklyn

877-235-6537

We need your help

Good news: the NYS State Legislature is convening the week of July 20 – providing the opportunity to nudge the fracking waste bill over the finish line. But we need your help calling for bringing the bill to a vote. In April, over 120 organizations sent a letter to the legislature urging passage of the bill, which would eliminate a loophole exempting oil and gas waste from being regulated as hazardous waste.

The legislation, S.. 3392 / A. 2655, was introduced in the Senate by Rachel May and in the Assembly by Steve Englebright.

Despite our ban on fracking, New York still accepts fracking waste from Pennsylvania, which is dumped into landfills, and oil and gas waste has even been used for de-icing or dust suppression on roads. This waste can be highly toxic and radioactive, containing cancer-causing chemicals such as benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde, along with heavy metals and radioactive materials. Read the horrifying details ( America's Radioactive Secret ).

We’re requesting you send a letter in support of the bill to legislative staff – cc’ing both me and our lobbyist, Stacie Orell (sorell@malkinross.com).

ASSEMBLY

Steve Liss (Assembly Member Englebright's legislative counsel): lisss@nyassembly.gov
Maria Hoffman (Assembly Member Englebright's chief of staff): hoffmanm@nyassembly.gov
Michelle Milot (program analyst for the Environmental Conservation Committee): milotm@nyassembly.gov

SENATE

Kristin Williams (Senator May's chief of staff): kmwillia@nysenate.gov
Lonnie Threatte (assistant deputy director of counsel program): threatte@nysenate.gov

Please let me or my colleague Alex Beauchamp (abeauchamp@fwwatch.org) know if you have any questions or need more information.

Thank you.

-- Eric
Eric Weltman
Senior Organizer

Food & Water Watch and Food & Water Action

Steve Greenfield For Congress

Greenfield Responds To Delgado’s Washington Post Op-Ed, And His Statement Denouncing Trump’s Use Of Force

Let me open by sharing, as I have in the past, my heartfelt sympathy to Congressman Delgado for the racist attacks he has endured, and will endure, and for the inequality that leaves large portions of our population, which includes me, with opportunities, access, and security that we did not earn. I do as much as I can individually, and through organizations, and civil disobedience, to expend my privilege in anti-racist efforts, always seeking to do better, and more. As a Jew, while I, too, have borne the brunt of bigotry throughout my life, it does not compare in scale or scope, although it does leave me with elevated empathy towards others, and with cultural DNA incorporating the acute awareness of the evil of white supremacy, and a mission to fight it, as befits our tragic history.

GUEST: Kwame Holmes, PhD, Scholar in Residence, Human Rights Program, Bard College

Activist Radio has the following guest on this week:

GUEST: Kwame Holmes, PhD, Scholar in Residence, Human Rights Program, Bard College

Activist Radio is broadcast: Thursdays 5-6 pm from WVKR 91.3 FM at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, NY; Sundays 4-5 pm from WIOF 104.1 FM in Woodstock, NY; and Sundays 5-6 pm from the Progressive Radio Network at PRN.FM. It will also be posted on the ClassWars website for the next ten weeks. Simply click on the date to hear it.

Thanks,

Fred
Activist Radio
https://www.classwars.org

https://www.chronogram.com/author/kwame-holmes

Call Cuomo Monday: Stop National Grid’s North Brooklyn Pipeline

Activism works- the fossil fuel industry is wobbling, but still powerful- please share this updated email from Laura Shindell:

Call Cuomo Monday: Stop National Grid’s North Brooklyn Pipeline

877-235-6537

Call Cuomo Monday is back, and with a fierceness! As the COVID crisis escalated this spring, so did the volume of calls attempting to reach the Governor’s office.
But now that NY has flattened the curve, Cuomo’s constituent services are accessible again-- and just in time because it’s critical we urge him to stop National Grid’s North Brooklyn Pipeline.

In May, New Yorkers scored an enormous victory and defeated the Williams NESE pipeline that had been proposed for NY Harbor. Now, corporate utility National Grid is proposing a “backup plan” to the rejected Williams NESE pipeline, and their plan B is riddled with dirty fossil fuels. Part of their plan includes hastening construction of the Metropolitan Reliability Project, locals dubbed it the North Brooklyn Pipeline.

The North Brooklyn fracked gas Pipeline is currently under construction in Brownsville and Bushwick, and is destined for Williamsburg and Greenpoint. It is being built through black and brown communities that were not consulted about the proposal. It’s dirty, dangerous, and commits New York to higher utility rates and decades of climate destroying fracked gas.

Call Governor Cuomo at 877-235-6537 and tell him to stop the North Brooklyn Pipeline, and make National Grid opt for a “no infrastructure” energy option instead!

Pipeline news from our friends at Sane Energy Project:

Dear Sane Energy Family,

In the past 24 hours, we got the best one-two punch: Both the Atlantic Coast Pipeline (ACP) and the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) were stopped. This is a major victory for our entire nation, and for our collective work toward a sustainable economy built on principles of environmental, racial, and economic justice.

We are still glowing from our defeat of the Williams NESE Pipeline slated for the NYC Harbor in May, and from our allies in Central NY who defeated the DeRuyter Pipeline. We know this is a testament that diverse, persistent, strategic work gets the goods!

We are privileged to know and have worked with the countless people that were at the core of stopping these extractive, abusive pipelines.

Click pic for more info. Photo: Appalachian Voices

Click pic for more info. Photo: Sacred Stone Camp

Now, before you go party tonight, we need YOUR HELP to be a part of the next victory: HALT a massive fracked gas build-out for private profit in Brooklyn, NY. Help us get at least 1,000 comments on the record by filing your comment opposing more fracked gas.

HOWIE HAWKINS AND ANGELA WALKER CLINCH GREEN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION

HOWIE HAWKINS AND ANGELA WALKER CLINCH GREEN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION

Jun 21, 2020 | Media Release | 0 comments

For Immediate Release: June 21, 2020

Howie Hawkins, howie@howiehawkins.us

Angela Walker, angela@howiehawkins.us

Kevin Zeese, Press Secretary, 301-996-6582, kevin@howiehawkins.us

HOWIE HAWKINS AND ANGELA WALKER CLINCH GREEN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION

(Syracuse, NY – June, 21 2020) Today Howie Hawkins has won enough delegates to clinch the Green Party’s Presidential nomination with victories this weekend in Michigan and the Lavender Caucus.

After winning 31 contests in the Green primaries, the Hawkins/Walker ticket has 182 delegates, enough to secure the Green nomination on the first ballot. Hawkins has won 59.3% percent of delegates so far allocated, only 43 delegates from states and caucuses remain to be decided. Originally planned for Detroit, the Green Party’s Presidential Nominating Convention will be held virtually July 9-12.